Web Reference: The hardiest trees rely on physics more than on chemistry to make it through the winter. When the seasonal chill begins to reach black or white spruce, for example, the sap leaves their living cells and flows into intercellular spaces. There, ice crystals can form without damaging anything vital for the tree's survival. Paleobotanist Jack A. Wolfe of the United States Geological Survey at Menlo Park, California, has found a number of tropical rain forest fossils along the eastern Gulf of Alaska. These include several kinds of palms, Burmese lacquer trees, mangroves and trees of the type that now produce nutmeg and Macassar oil. Bark beetles attack spruce trees in early summer. These brownish black beetles are common throughout Alaska and Yukon Territory where they kill trees by boring through the bark and feeding and breeding in the phloem (inner bark)--the thin layer of soft tissue directly beneath the bark. If the beetles girdle the phloem, the tree will die since the phloem is the vital path that transports food ...
YouTube Excerpt: Back to the world of geology! This time for an explainer on the process that created the
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