ETPS: Efficient Two-pass Encoding Scheme for Adaptive Live Streaming

Web Reference: After you've enrolled and received your credentials, you can pay any tax due to the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) using this system. Effective October 17th, 2025, Individuals will not be able to create new enrollments via EFTPS.gov. Find resources on Eligible Training Providers (ETPs), approved organizations that offer training programs funded by the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA). Mar 12, 2025 · Exchange-traded products (ETPs) are pooled investments traded on stock exchanges. Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) are a specific type of ETP.

YouTube Excerpt: Paper Title: ETPS: Efficient Two-pass Encoding Scheme for Adaptive Live Streaming Authors: Vignesh V Menon (Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt),  Hadi Amirpour (Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt), Mohammad Ghanbari (School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, UK), and Christian Timmerer (Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt) Abstract: In two-pass encoding, also known as multi-pass encoding, the input video content is analyzed in the first-pass to help the second-pass encoding utilize better encoding decisions and improve overall compression efficiency. In live streaming applications, a single-pass encoding scheme is mainly used to avoid the additional first-pass encoding run-time to analyze the complexity of every video content. This paper introduces an Efficient low-latency Two-Pass encoding Scheme (ETPS) for live video streaming applications. In this scheme, Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)-energy-based low-complexity spatial and temporal features for every video segment are extracted in the first-pass to predict each target bitrate’s optimal constant rate factor (CRF) for the second-pass constrained variable bitrate (cVBR) encoding. Experimental results show that, on average, ETPS compared to a traditional two-pass average bitrate encoding scheme yields encoding time savings of 43.78% without any noticeable drop in compression efficiency. Additionally, compared to a single-pass constant bitrate (CBR) encoding, it yields bitrate savings of 10.89% and 8.60% to maintain the same PSNR and VMAF, respectively.

Paper Title: ETPS: Efficient Two-pass Encoding Scheme for Adaptive Live Streaming Authors: Vignesh V Menon (Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt),...

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